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info in Chinese > 請把創意交還給孩子!
0 Comments / Subscribe To Comments
Posted: Oct.07.2006 @ 4:32 pm

 

請把創意交還給孩子!

updated:2006-05-23 17:24:42 MYT

僵化的教育制度捆綁扼殺了學生的創意了嗎?校園內真沒有改善空間了嗎?創意才是競爭所在。栽培創意、鼓勵創意,或許,可以從這裡開始……

小學生的作文題目,都是千篇一律的。30年前小學四年級的作文題目“我的自述”,到了30年後的今天,小孩還是在寫“我的自述”、“鉛筆的自述”、“書包的自述”,看看你給學生們的作文題目或老師給你家小孩的作文題目,大概就可以解釋為何校園內學生創意難以萌芽了!難道我們的作文題目或功課就不能再創意一點嗎?

如果,我們有這樣的作文題目……

中國上海高中考試曾出過這樣的作文題目:“面對大海”(也許你曾到過海邊,也許你在螢屏、銀幕上見過大海……請以“面對大海”為題,寫一篇1000字左右的文章。文體不限。)

採開放式命題的創意作文題目,例如:“我最喜愛的……”、“給……的一封信”、“遇見X年後的我”……

閱讀下面的材料,根據要求作文。

有一位登山者,在途中遇上暴風雪。他深知不儘快找到避風處,非凍死不可。他走啊走啊,腿已經邁不開了。就在這時,腳碰到一個硬邦邦的東西,扒開一看,竟是個快凍僵的人。登山者犯難了:是繼續向前,還是停下來援救這個陌生人?心靈深處翻江倒海之後,他毅然作出決定,脫下手套,給那個人做按摩。經過一番按摩,陌生人可以活動了,而登山者也因此暖和了自己的身心。最後,兩個人互相攙扶走出了困境。

也許不是人人都會碰上這種生死的抉擇,但是每個人卻常常遇到、見到、聽到一些觸動心靈需要作出選擇的事情。那時,是怎樣選擇的呢?又應該如何選擇呢?請以“心靈的選擇”為題寫一篇作文,內容必須在範圍之內。

中國上海新概念作文比賽有過這樣的作文題目:“安寧、安靜、安逸”。出題老師認為“題目看似容易,比較自由,但要真正寫好卻有難度,因為越常規的題目越不容易寫好。總之,這是可以讓學生發揮,有創意的作文題目”。甚至有一位老先生將之形容為“這是我活到50歲見到的中文考試最有技巧的題目。”

如果,我們的學生有這樣的功課……

曾經在一個多元活潑教學工作坊聽一位台灣老師提過,他的學校給小學生的“假期作業”就包括了煎荷包蛋。學生假期時甚麼作業簿都不須做,但是得請媽媽教他煎一個荷包蛋,煎好後請媽媽打分,就行了。(如果可以交上一張照片作就證明更好)。除了煎蛋,有些是要學生跟媽媽上巴剎,記錄蔬果魚肉價格,再寫下經驗就可以了。

老師不給假期作業,而是讓學生“自訂功課”,開學後,不僅老師想要知道小朋友們到底是自訂了哪些功課,其他小朋友也很想知道其他人是如何自訂功課的。最後再由小朋友選出有創意的自訂功課得主。(結果,學生定下的不外是:幫忙做家務、跳繩300下、讀兩本書、畫畫。)

想出有創意的功課,最忌“為了創意而創意”。創意必須有目的、有實際貢獻,才稱得上是好創意。

如果,我們有這樣的師生關係……

我們學校裡所謂的“最好”,就是學習好、聽老師話;“最差”,就是學習差、調皮搗蛋。如果一位小孩很努力的在年終考試國語科得70分(這是一個不好的成績)。你問他﹕“上學期你才考50分,這學期你這麼用功考得70分,你高興嗎﹖”他可能會說﹕“不高興。”

在這位小學生心目中,“好”與“差”的概念完全是老師和家長灌輸的,而老師幾乎每天都在把學生做橫向比較,不考慮學生的自尊心。

曾在澳洲、荷蘭和加拿大各生活過一段時間的北京師範大學發展心理研究所教授陳會昌在《學之橋》雜誌發表過他的觀察,認為中西方發達國家中小學生的生活環境有很大差異,其中包括了“師生關係”。

“在東方社會,教師對學生要求嚴格,強調紀律性、聽話、努力學習、師生之間是‘管’與‘被管’的關係。西方社會則強調平等、尊重的關係,學生比較自由、順其自然的發展,老師會非常注重學生的意見。”

“12年的中小學學習生活,可以用8個字來概括:就是‘死記硬背、勤學苦練’,在這種教育體制下,人的內在興趣、動機和自發行為,受到嚴重的壓抑,而這些卻是即高水平的發明創造所必須的;相比之下,西方的家庭與學校教育都鼓勵學生閱讀課外書、增加知識的吸收、培養學生的思維和解決實際問題的能力。” (星洲日報/新教育‧文:許雪翠‧2006/05/23
info in Chinese > 跳出課本
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Posted: Oct.07.2006 @ 4:20 pm

 

跳出課本
讓校園變有趣

updated:2006-05-30 10:26:02 MYT

■張瑞政當起記者,到金馬崙菜園訪問菜農。(放大)
■學生種出感覺來,把體驗寫成詩。(放大)
■從集錦簿、訪問、收集食譜等活動中所學到的東西,都是課本內所找不到的知識。(放大)
■種子長成蔬菜,學生感受到生命的喜悅。(放大)
■吃自己種出來的菜,特別美味。(放大)
(放大)
以下所提的不是很特別的任務,但對於一些人來說卻是不可能的任務──不可能考全科A、不可能依時完成規定的課程綱要……縱使有太多的不可能,還是有些學校及教師堅持在有限的條件下完成任務。不為甚麼,只為了學生在績效制的大環境下,仍有個重視學習過程的空間。老師們希望,除了考試與分數,當學生們長大後回頭一望,看到及想到的,是那段深深影響他們的生活體驗和成長喜悅!

種出美體驗

去年9月6日,吉隆坡康樂華小5年級學生把一堆蔬菜,有菜心、生菜、洋角豆、小白菜、莧菜等等,交給了食堂老闆。很快地,同學們就狼吞虎咽地把炒好的菜吃光了,而且這菜好像比平時的好吃。那是因為這菜有老師的用心策劃,還有同學們的愛心灌溉,每天拔草、澆水、捉害蟲,嘗盡了種菜的酸甜苦辣。為了5年級華文課本的第六課課文——《種菜記》,就“折騰”了他們3個月的時間。

那段日子仍歷歷在目,為了要了解種菜的過程,他們要制作種菜流程表,必須出外訪問菜農或菜販,瞭解他們的工作。其中一名學生張瑞政,還親自到金馬崙菜園,當起記者訪問菜農。
學校特別在校園內開辟了菜圃,讓學生在校園內種起菜來。從7月開始,除了照料蔬菜的生長,他們每天還要觀察及記錄蔬菜的成長過程。

這項活動是華文老師羅美蘭和謝例郿聯同其他6名老師開會所決定,善用課文裡的“種菜經”,根據華文課程發展局所建議的“合約配套”,設計了一個長達3個月的教學活動。

涉及的是全校約400名的5年級學生。他們就有如拿到一份協議合約,必須遵照老師所訂下的任務。“合約”裡闡明了在完成任務之後,必須能夠簡單介紹蔬菜的種類、敘述種菜的層次、說明蔬菜的好處及各種蔬菜的吃法。

學生們共分成4大組,分頭執行所訂下的4個目標。除了負責訪問菜農及種菜的學生,負責介紹蔬菜種類的學生要忙搜集資料,除了製作海報,也在展覽會上展示各類蔬菜。另一組學生則搜集各類蔬菜營養資料,並把蔬菜編成詩。最後一組的學生則示範蔬菜沙律及薯泥的制作方法。

經過體驗式的教學活動,謝例郿看到學生對不同的教學方式的反應。“學生對抄抄寫寫的功課提不起興趣,但要他們進行上網找資料、製作集錦簿之類的活動卻非常有幹勁,因為類似活動比較活沷,比起平時的‘spoon feed’有顯著的效果。

不過,雖然現代學生對資訊科技掌握得很快,在來自四面八方的資料來源中,如何摘取要點、進行各類分組活動時,仍須老師的引導。一面進行活動,一面教導,到最後學生必學有所成。

〈種菜記〉原本只是簡單的課文,通常念了課文,學了幾個生字,再做些語文知識,就完成了。學生都有吃蔬菜,但有多少個城市小孩,真正能見識到種蔬菜的過程?康樂華小老師設計了4大目標,學生除了學語文,還學到了更多層面的知識,包括科學、音樂、藝術、生活技能等。

家長的支持及輔助,無疑是促進學生在學習過程中的一股動力,但是老師們卻常接觸到一些家長的不體諒,認為這類活動不能确保孩子考獲全科A,且浪費時間及毫無意義。

從學生的回應中,可以看到的是正面的效果。張瑞政到金馬崙訪問菜農、嘗試了菜園工作,不僅瞭解蔬菜的種植要素,也體驗“棵棵菜皆辛苦”的道理。起初,梁雪冰在知道要負責種菜之後,想到每天掛在天上的大太陽,心裡就感到很不舒服。後來,看到播下的種子漸漸發芽、長大,心中的喜悅就猶如母親般看小孩慢慢長大。

除了戶外進行的活動,一個簡單的校內活動,也能令整個作文課生動不少。羅美蘭曾設計一項“我的學校圖書館”的教學活動,安排學生參觀學校圖書館,也訪問校長、副校長及圖書館員,瞭解學校圖書館的歷史及其他資料。平時,學生只到圖書館借閱書本,鮮少對圖書館有更深的瞭解。經過這次的參觀學習之後,學生在動筆寫作時,比平常命題式的寫法創意許多。

羅美蘭從不同的地方切入教學,策劃多元化的內容,重視學生的學習過程多於學生的分數,尤其是不同能力的學生可以在個別專長的能力上有所發揮,也跟其他同學互相交流與學習,不僅引起學習的興趣,也開擴視野。

創造心靈的感動

一份美國實施“體驗教育”融入小學課程之研究報告如是指出,學生種花,不僅學得植物生長與發展的科學性知識,也在動手做的經驗中學習以“花”的角度看生命,美麗的花對欣賞者而言是一句讚嘆,但是對於親自墾土、除草、澆水、施肥,甚至擔心她枯萎而每天對她歌唱與讚美的歷程的學習者而言,是心靈的感動,是生命的經驗。同樣地,在學校教育裡,從語文、數學、生活、藝術與人文、自然與生活科技等領域學習,唯有透過置身體驗,才能理解世界萬物與我的關係,瞭解抽象文字符號的真實意義。

不管是綜合教學,還是創意教學,除了課本,善用其他資源作為活用教材,人們一直以為是具創意的教師才會做的事。姑且不論是甚麼類型的教師,在學生眼中,這往往是很奏效及樂趣無窮的教學法。與其枯燥地重覆厭倦的教學法,不如以學習者的舊經驗出發,把獲得新的知識經驗,轉化成新情境中的一種教學方式。

體驗比說教有效

有部韓國電影《春去秋來》也有個讓人深思的體驗故事:一天,天性好動的小和尚閒來無事,獨自下河抓了一條小魚,然後他在小魚的身上用線綁上一塊石頭,再把魚放回水中。看小魚在水中掙扎游行的樣子,小和尚樂得哈哈大笑。這一幕被尾隨其後的師傅看見了。

第二天一早,睡醒了的小和尚發現自己的背上也被師傅綁上了一塊大石頭,使得他走路很困難。小和尚哀求師傅幫他把石頭解下來,師傅卻面色嚴厲地問他:“你覺得小魚身上綁上石頭後是甚么樣的感覺呢?是不是也和你一樣感到很難受呢?”

醒悟過來的小和尚背沉重的石頭,跌跌撞撞地來到河邊,撈起身上還背石頭的小魚,卻發現小魚由於窒息已經死了,小和尚傷心難過地哭了。

對於小和尚所犯的錯,老和尚沒有採取打罵和責罰的方式來教育小和尚不要這么做,而是讓小和尚體驗同樣的情景,讓他身臨其境地感受到自己所犯下的錯誤,這是不是比傳統的說教方式來得更有效呢?

後記

這裡所舉的教學方案,也許不是最好的,相信全國有很多實施類似的體驗式教育的老師,精彩的教學方案也有很多。此專題的目的不外是希望教育工作者及家長不故步自封,多採用及接受活教學,讓學生可以在實踐中體驗,在體驗中感悟,在感悟中創新,在創新中成長。 (星洲日報/新教育‧文:關麗玲‧2006/05/30)
info in Chinese > 走進私立學校
1 Comments / Subscribe To Comments
Posted: Oct.07.2006 @ 4:16 pm
走進私立學校

updated:2006-07-11 12:37:43 MYT

(放大)
(放大)
■私立學校收取昂貴學費,設備自然比政府學校好。(放大)
■私立學校多姿多采的課外活動,令許多國中生羡慕。(放大)
(放大)
(放大)
■私立學校著重五育,培養全方位人才。(放大)
■斯理吉隆坡學校總經理哈聶夫:私立學校面臨的競爭力非常強,因此須要聘請經驗豐富的領導人。
■斯理嘉登學校校長許亞成:私立學校強調給學生自由發揮的空間。
家長都希望孩子能少走彎,認為國際人才的鑄造,在中小學時就應該要開始了。若發了意外之財,相信不少家長會赶快將子女轉到私立學校。如果條件允許,送子女上世界一流的“私立學校”,是一筆完全值得的教育投資

漸漸的,有了市場,本地的私立學校也如雨後春筍般成立,愈建愈多──Sri Garden、Sri Cahaya、Sri KDU、Sri KL、Sri APIIT……不少大集團紛紛將旗下業務擴展到中小學教育版圖。私立學校,藏了甚麼意義,給教育界帶來了怎樣的衝擊?


私立學校的開放日絕對是熱鬧的!詢問櫃台處滿是攜子女前來的家長,以及忙解說招生詳情的教師和市場人員:“我們校內有25米長的泳池、體操室、網球場、美術室、先進的圖書館、嶄新的教員辦公室,校園設備絕對有別於政府學校。”

在政府學校以外,大馬除了私人或民營中小學(私立學校和獨中),還有國際學校,國際學校入學條件嚴格,其中一名家長必須是外國人,或是大馬外交官在國外多年,回國後其孩子無法適應政府學校,才可報讀。另一類是僑民居留學校,如日本學校、台灣學校等,這是給來馬的當地人的學校,完全依據他們國家的教育體制,採用“祖國”的課本,不錄取大馬學生。

私立學校有別於國際學校,國際學校一般採用英美等教育制度,而私立學校乃是採用大馬教育制度中的KBSR和KBSM制度,學生都會報考UPSR、PMR和SPM等政府會考。

多花錢 理由是甚麼?

私立學校的收費不菲,而既然體制一樣,為何家長要“多此一舉”,每個月自掏腰包,付出約1000令吉的學費,把孩子送進私立學校?現代家庭孩子少,家長當然希望給孩子最“好”的教育,就像私立醫院一樣,多付點錢,就不必排長龍,享有相對更好的醫療服務。

好或不好是很主觀的,政府學校私立學校誰優誰劣也各有爭論。更多家長認為私立學校教育品質高,是因為私校資金雄厚,會投資在校園軟硬體設施(泳池、先進圖書館、優良師資等),而且私校小班制及英語環境,仍是最誘人之處。不超過30人的班級,學生理所當然可以得到個別的照顧,不管在學業或身心上的發展有很大的幫助。人數少,紀律問題相對的也不會嚴重,這就是令家長放心的地方,也就是所謂的“好”!

但同時也有不贊同的家長,認為不值得花這麼大筆錢,因為大 馬尚有很多很不錯的政府學校,無須支持教育商業化。

雖然私立學校的校長、老師、學生一再強調,學生背景來自社會各階層,但開放日當天所見,穿著光鮮、打扮時髦、架墨鏡的家長還是佔多數。斯理嘉登學校校長許亞成認同學生群中确有達官顯要或皇室子孫,但佔多數者是專業人士及生意人。

不過,對現代人的經濟狀況來說,學費是否昂貴,見仁見智。雙薪家庭每月若有6000令吉的收入,只供一名小孩上私立小學,經濟狀況可能緊繃,但卻不能說讀不起,也有家長深謀遠慮,打從孩子一出娘胎,就買了教育保單,作了很好的準備。

掌校者享有高度自由

在管理上,私立學校與政府學校最大的分別,在於掌校人有很大的治校權力,無須受制於教育部。除了須向教育部申請執照,基本上校長的管理是很自由的,可以控制師資來源及教師素質,在管理政策上享有相對的高自由度。

有一個趨勢,私立學校中大部份的掌校者都是退休的政府學校校長。例如規模相當大的斯理吉隆坡(中小學個別約有1000名學生),中小學校長都是政府學校的退休校長,即是由周德安及陳侃博士分別管理。

斯理吉隆坡總經理哈聶夫解釋:“私立學校面對很大的競爭,因此須要聘請經驗豐富的領導人,以确保學校的素質維持最穩定的狀態。不過,我們還是會提拔有潛質的在任老師,成為學校管理人。”

哈聶夫回想起私立學校的進展,90年代末是私立學校的顛峰期,很多人開始力爭報讀私立學校,有的大企業意識到整個私立教育發展的商機,也看到私立中小學生極大可能成為私立大專的學生,從小學辦到大學,就會有其學生來源的一貫性。

為學術水平把關

政府學校不必宣傳也有學生來源,私立學校卻要面臨教育界激烈競爭,因此強而有力的鎮山之寶是開拓市場的技倆。

私立學校雖注冊於同一個教育部單位──私立教育局,但辦校方針不一,個別私校都有自己的獨特校風。有的是像斯理嘉登學校的“親民派”及“國際化”,師生打成一片,給學生自由發揮的空間,也努力於辦日本及韓國學校的交流計劃,也有的像斯理吉隆坡強調設備齊全、重視英文及多樣化的課外活動。也肯定有的私立學校,會更重視孩子整體發展,校方會跟父母做密切的聯繫與溝通,讓父母了解孩子在校的學習和成長。

偌大的校園、新穎智慧型的建筑物及設備無不令有意者心動,就連食堂也有營養師監督,确保學生吃得健康。成績好,也是私立學校形象加分的籌碼。有的私立學校還設有最低入學條件及必須經過入學考試,並不是盲目為了賺錢,校方會去瞭解學生的學習或閱讀障礙,再另外安排到更適合的學校。中學的入學條件則根據政府考試成績,錄取符合者。在校期間不及格者,會有留級的可能。

2005年全國私立學校統計數字
學校種類 學校總數 學生人數 教師人數
私立小學 64 13,615 1,174
私立中學 75 14,781 1,301
華文獨立中學 60 51,234 2,758
國際學校 32 10,663 1,338
僑居民學校 14 2,180 249
資料來源:教育部私立教育局之《2005年私立教育基本資料》

私立=Sri?
多間私立學校的校名都有個“Sri”字,難道這是私立學校的規定嗎?其實,私立教育局並無此規定。大家都愛用“Sri”可能只是潮流或者易記而已。

全國有多少間私立學校?
私立教育細分出來的學校種類包括學術中小學校、宗教中小學校、華文獨立中學、國際學校、僑校、特殊學校、幼兒園、輔習中心、語文中心等等,這種種學校總共有近6900所。

至於此專題所提的學術中學和小學,全國分別有77和64所。

國中生與
私立學校學生的對話


彭楚茵、李麗甄,巴生斯理依斯丹娜中學(中五文科生)
張文華、覃祖陽,斯理吉隆坡中學(中五文科生)

“每當我看到穿別具一格校服的私立學校學生,都會多望幾眼,打量他們的校徽、裝扮、書包、言談舉止,想知道他們與我們有甚麼不一樣。”這是國中生的疑惑。

4名中五文科生,分別在兩種不同的教育體制下受教育,記者把他們相約聚在一起,他們打開話匣子,也打開了兩種學校的隔閡和面紗。

付費讀書,各有原因

楚茵:首先我們很好奇,為甚麼你們不像我們這樣進政府中學,而是去須要付費的私立學校?

祖陽:說來話長,其實我也曾在政府中學唸過半年,那時被在學校收保護費的‘大哥’猛追不捨,沒有辦法,於是家人就決定讓我轉到私立中學。

文華:家人‘聽說’要孩子英文好,送去私立學校是最好的,所以我就被送進去了。

楚茵:我從未想過念私立中學,只考慮過獨中而已。對了,麗甄,你家境算是不錯,有沒有想過唸私立中學呢?

麗甄:老實說,我真的沒考慮過唸私立中學,也不瞭解這類學校。

有人因為家庭財務拮据而轉校

楚茵:政府中學是免學費的,只須交不超過500令吉的雜費,你們唸私立學校的學費是多少?私立學校給我們的印象,是有錢人才去唸的,是不是這樣?

文華:視年級而異,1年的學費大概要1萬令吉左右。

麗甄:哇!和我們比起來真的是天淵之別啊!普通家庭如何負擔得起呢!你們家是做甚麼的?

文華:我們的爸爸都是工程師,媽媽是家庭主婦。學校裡的确有學生的爸爸是拿督之類的,也有的是商人,比如家裡從事賣雞蛋和豬肉等。不過,的確有人因為家庭財務拮据而轉校。

私立學校好紀律?

麗甄:想問你們,私立學校的紀律真的比政府學校好嗎?

祖陽:當然,私立中學還是有少數品行差的學生,多為沒有遵守校規和頂撞老師,至於逃學、打架生事倒是真的比較少。不過,也聽聞有學生被開除。其實有的私立學校,校風和紀律也不見得很好。

文華:我們的校規超嚴,一犯規就會被記過,嚴重的話會被鞭。學校各個角落裝有閉路攝錄機,逃課的同學無以遁形。紀律不好的學生會有本簿子,每當犯錯之後,會記錄在案,嚴重的話就會被鞭或開除。我們犯一點小錯就會被罰,如衣服沒塞進去,被罰晒太陽,穿黑色以外的鞋子也會被罰等。

楚茵:看來你們的校規跟我們學校一樣,但執行起來會比較嚴,可能我們學生人數多,比較難管吧!

小班上課,多用英文

麗甄:你們付這麼高的學費,就可以對老師有很高的要求嗎?

文華:也不是,不過,曾有教書不認真、態度不好的老師,我們曾集體簽名投訴。有的老師則會分發評估表,若不滿意,我們會照實填。

楚茵:我們有老師為了赶完中五的課程綱要,只叫我們抄黑板上的筆記,還來不及抄完,就被擦掉,也不管我們,我們只好去補習,沒有機會投訴。

文華:我們中五共有7班,分別有純理科、3班理科加會計班、理科加IT班、商科班、純文科。你們呢?

楚茵:你們分得很細。我們學校也有7班,主要有純理科、理科加會計和文商科,但每一班又有拿不同組別的學生,說起來有點複雜。

麗甄:你們一班有多少人?上課時間呢?有上甚麼特別的課嗎?

祖陽:一班平均有27人。至於上課時間,除了星期五是上午8時至中午1時外,其他天都是上午8時至3時35分。中一、二的學生有上音樂課,高年級學生就沒有了。

楚茵:我的班也只有20多人,不過有的班級人數比較多。好羡慕你們有上音樂課,小六畢業後,我就不曾上過音樂課。

楚茵:你們在校以甚麼語言溝通?

文華:除了馬來文和華文節,其他時候只能講英文,如不遵守會被罰。老師授課時,會看科目媒介語,對談時多會講英語。

麗甄:政府中學學生都必須參加至少三類的課外活動,包括制服團體、學會和運動。活動進行時間視各團體而定。

祖陽:我們也有三類課外活動,多是在每星期三的兩節時間進行。

麗甄:食堂的消費會貴嗎?

祖陽:我們的學費包括了膳食,所以在食堂用餐無須付費,缺點是我們沒得選擇。 (星洲日報/新教育‧文:關麗玲‧2006/07/11)
info in Chinese > 就是劇場競技
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Posted: Oct.07.2006 @ 4:10 pm
這個劇場不一樣
沒有劇本只有競技

updated:2006-07-18 12:12:51 MYT

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一場戲劇可以刺激感官,一時的即興可以激發創意,兩者結合,再加上體育競藝元素,就是劇場競技(Theatresports)的精華所在。這種戲劇,沒有劇本,只有觀眾。

搞劇場,須要費精和資金去策劃、表演及宣傳,但要觀眾走進劇院卻不容易。就算有觀眾,也可能只是靜靜地坐在台下觀賞,看完就走,戲劇推動的的確艱辛難走。

反觀世足賽和奧運會,不管入門票有多貴,人們宁可不工作,也要守在電視機前,甚至飛到賽場體驗現場喝采、熱鬧的氣氛。為甚麼體育賽事可以做到這點,劇場卻不可以?

把戲劇變成一場競賽

就是因為這疑問,激發戲劇家凱斯強史東(Keith Johnstone)結合戲劇的創意與運動的狂熱,創造出一種叫做“Theatresports”的即興劇場運動。

他想把戲劇變成一場球賽,台上有競藝的隊伍,台下有投入擁護參賽隊伍的觀眾。這種戲劇沒有劇本,只有觀眾。表演者根據觀眾所給的場景、角色及發生的狀況立即發展故事。團隊運動的外表注入了即興戲劇的內容,猶如觀賞一場刺激的球賽。

劇場競技的理念在5年前,深深吸引了一向活躍於港澳戲劇界演出的李俊傑,之後毅然追隨凱斯強史東的腳步,誓言要用中文把戲劇競技,介紹到全世界有華人的地方。

上了一年的課程,成為劇場競技Theatersporst的註冊導師後,李俊傑便陸續把劇場競技帶進澳門、香港及新馬。

學習與人合作

劇場競技的條件是從不說“不”,要參與者不拒絕、不逃避現實,以積極的態度及樂觀的精神表面對問題。

李俊傑為劇場競技豐富的教育性和特點折服:“我們要年輕人多一點接納,少一點拒絕。一味的拒絕,會錯過很多事,別人也會因此不開心。”

劇場競技裡有個坐站躺遊戲,即三個人必須個別扮演坐、站和躺的角色。往往遊戲會出現這樣的情況,當故事發展到一人坐,兩人站時,其中會有一人示意另一人改變動作。我們有時總是要別人配合自己,而不去配合別人。

“在一個團隊裡,大家都有共同的目的,但卻因意見不合。每個人都認為自己的概念最好,卻沒有想過堅持只會弄垮事情。遊戲的重點是學習與人合作,把自我中心降低。”

從劇場中發現自身問題

李俊傑曾經遇過一個小女孩,每次發展故事的時候,一不順她心意就會出手打人。當她再次打人時,李俊傑便叫學員們暫停,請其他同學給意見,再讓小女孩試試,果然發現其他同學的意見更好。

由於當時才教了兩年課,李俊傑在處理這種個案經驗不多,他請社工跟進,結果發現原來小女孩的父母都有這種脾性,不稱心就打罵。後來,這小女孩參加了勁爆劇場比賽,父母親看到女兒的改變,也從中發現自己的問題。

劇場競技裡有300多種遊戲,而這些遊戲其實與輔導遊戲有相似之處。其主要分別是劇場競技有表演及故事發展,只是單純的遊戲,不注重表演,從中只能學到團隊、領導技能、解決困難等技能。

李俊傑的每堂課都有意想不到的事發生。那是因為演出者因沒有準備,會“不小心”把平時生活上的思想、處事方法等生活素材“演”出來,他可以有很多新發現。

而由於觀賞者的參與度甚高,因此劇情在發展時會有很強的感染力。舉個例子,有個“死亡”遊戲,遊戲這樣進行:指揮員指到誰,誰就要接那個故事,如果反應慢接不來,就要一個人留在台上,用一分鐘時間,表演“死”。

激發年輕人的思想

有個女學員,表演因被男友拋棄,成績不好給媽媽罵,於是選擇自己結束生命。她在演出過程中,不斷地想到自殺很痛,而且就算死了,男友也不會回到她身邊,成績也不會因此變好,那是不值得的。這故事,從演出中,從死這消極教材,帶出了正面積極的意義。

給年輕人思想上帶來好處,就是為何李俊傑一直不放棄推動劇場競技的原因。

劇場競技是很刺激的,要靠表演者的急智去化解困難。雖說劇場競技是種表演,不過比賽才是重點。從比賽中,參與者可學到很多事,如構思隊名、隊服、口號、隊歌、隊形、海報等,他們必須經過討論、排練、意見不合、時間不能配合等問題的過程,一一想辦法去克服。李俊傑引用小時候學騎腳踏車的經驗:“學習過程中難免會跌倒,我們至少要知道跌倒的原因。”

戲劇競技有300多種遊戲,比賽規則及進行方式也因遊戲而不同。李俊傑表示,戲劇競技不會令人玩膩,因為這麼多種遊戲,並不會這麼容易厭倦,而且不斷有創新的遊戲,包括他自己本身也有創作新遊戲。

李俊傑提到的遊戲還有以下幾種:

1.萬用品(Most use of an object)
參賽者選擇一個道具,在一分鐘內通過想象將該道具幻化成別的物品,利用表演來表達,也可以運用簡單的聲音來加強。
提示:整組的隊員輪流搶演,盡情發揮,越多越好。
條規:不許把物品直接說出來。

2.雙體人形(Double figure)
兩人面向同一個方向環抱,前者將手抱在後者的腰間,後者則將手伸到前面與前者的身體結合,乍看之下似乎是同一個人,稱為“3合體”。然後,兩人必須互相合作,達到身體的默契,並與另一名“合體”對手在三分鐘內共同發展故事出來。兩人一前一後,變成一個人。

提示:可由觀眾提出時間、地點和關係三個表演條件。
條規:前者可講話,後面的人透過雙手表達故事,兩者要配合。

關於李俊傑

在推廣戲劇競技初期,李俊傑被很多機構澆過冷水,當時沒有人聽過劇場競技,也不明其義。

“我跌倒,然後我站起來。”開始時李俊傑自掏腰包租場地,與戲劇界的朋友一起上課及分享,然後把上課的情況拍下來,找資料、錄像、拍照、擬計劃書、辦比賽,找政府部門代表來看。最後,他們終於被現場的良好氣氛所感化而給予支持。原本香港開辦戲劇競技工作坊只想在殘障人士群中推廣,後來看到李俊傑的組織辦得有聲有色,也邀他回香港教授劇場競技。

思想教育融入劇場

李俊傑相信劇場競技即興的真實感。對人對事觀察入微的他,把原本純粹是即興表演的劇場競技融入了許多心理建設元素,使參與者及觀眾看到的不僅是表演,也可從中得到啟發。

“本來劇場競技玩的成分較高 ,我把思想教育看得比較重。”
劇場競技的導師和組織必須向國際劇場競技學院(International Theatresports Institute, ITI)註冊才能授課,參加李俊傑的說明工作坊只是劇場競技課程的一小部分。學了之後只能與人分享,並不能自稱為劇場競技導師。

有興趣者未必須到加拿大的ITI修讀,只要跟已註冊的導師上課,並經由導師向ITI推薦,也可申請為註冊導師。就連創作新的劇場競技遊戲,也須向ITI注冊。目前在亞洲已注冊的導師及組織來自日本、台灣、香港、澳門及新加坡,注冊導師必須把全年收入的3%繳付給ITI。 (星洲日報/新教育‧文:關麗玲‧2006/07/18)

 

Disgusting reports > save the millions
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Posted: Aug.26.2006 @ 11:25 am

If you read the caption and you can read 'police presence is needed'.

If the crime rate be reduced with the presence of  police, then install all the pictures of police robot. This will remind the mischief ones that the police is watching them. We can save milions of ringgit.

 


 

RM260m Boost:
More cars, cops to keep criminals at bay


26 August, 2006

KUALA LUMPUR: Over RM260 million will be spent in the next four months to ensure police presence in crime-prone areas nationwide. The money will be used to buy 2,000 patrol cars and to train 3,000 new police constables. The policemen will come as a "package" with the cars by early next year.

Federal police management director Datuk Mohd Amir Sulaiman said the project was on the fast track to fight crime and ensure the safety of tourists expected here for Visit Malaysia Year 2007.

The 2,000 new cars will supplement the existing 1,939 patrol vehicles nationwide.



Most of the new patrol cars will be sent to Kuala Lumpur, Penang and Johor, all of which are popular tourist destinations.

"The other States will also receive their share but this will depend on their needs," Amir told the New Straits Times yesterday.

Amir said a greater police presence was needed in crime-prone areas as a deterrent for would-be criminals.

And unlike before, policemen on patrol duty will now be expected to park their cars at strategic areas in cities and come out to mingle with the crowd.

This new move, which will be implemented soon, is to increase the police presence in crime-prone areas.

"Patrolmen will no longer spend their entire shift sitting in their comfortable air-conditioned cars. They must get out and make their presence felt," Amir said.

On the recruitment of the 3,000 constables, Amir said their training period would be shortened by three months. Training for new constables usually takes six months.

"We are currently discussing ways to reduce this six-month training programme.

"We are expediting the training process so that when the cars are here, the constables will be ready to begin work."

For now, there are plans for the new recruits to be given "express training" at all seven police colleges nationwide.

He said unlike before, the recruitment committee for the constables would now be headed by State police chiefs. Previously, the recruitment was handled by Bukit Aman.

"This will reduce the vetting process from three months to less than a month. The police chiefs will have the final say on the recruitment," Amir said.

Amir said police were also beefing up their investigation teams.

He said 955 inspectors were recently promoted to the rank of Assistant Superintendent nationwide, giving the force more senior investigators.

"They will be now looked upon as senior investigating officers whose task will also be to train the younger investigators.

"Some 500 new inspectors are expected to graduate and join the ranks as investigating officers next month," he said.

Amir said the investigating officers would also be exposed to new training methods before the end of the year to ensure they adopted a more scientific and practical approach while handling cases.

"With the additional funding we hope to be more aggressive in our fight against crime and improve our image," he added.

Deputy Internal Security Minister Datuk Fu Ah Kiow had earlier this week said the Government, concerned over the rising crime rate, would procure new patrol cars and policemen to fight criminals.


© Copyright 2006 The New Straits Times Press (M) Berhad. All rights reserved.

Education > Elders should show the way
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Posted: Aug.26.2006 @ 10:42 am

 


 

Elders should show the way


26 August, 2006

MORE has to be done to deter children from picking up the smoking habit. Studies have shown that smoking among young children is on the rise and children as young as 12 are taking up smoking due to peer pressure and negligence in the home environment.

Some children may start off disliking the smell of tobacco but they may pretend to like it in order to be accepted by their friends who are already into the habit.

Due to ignorance, these children interpret smoking as a form of pleasure, but this is a pleasure that is deadly, to say the least.

Children should be constantly reminded that smoking can cause early death and lead to cancer, heart problems, strokes and other diseases.

Parents and teachers should remind children that smoking is not just a bad habit, but also a complex addiction.

Studies have shown that those who are already into the habit are likely to go into other forms of addiction, such as drugs and alcohol.

Parents and teachers should lead by example.

If they do not want to see young children pick up the habit, they themselves should stop smoking.

If this is not possible because they are also addicted to tobacco, they should at least not be seen smoking when children are around.

Besides the banners and anti-smoking campaigns in schools, children should be constantly reminded by teachers and parents not to be influenced by the smokers among them.

A World Health Organisation report says that four million deaths each year are the direct result of tobacco use.

It is anticipated that this figure will reach 4.8 million by the year 2020. Seventy per cent of this number will be from the developing world.


© Copyright 2006 The New Straits Times Press (M) Berhad. All rights reserved.

Strictly Malaysia > Root out corruption and operate transparently
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Posted: Aug.26.2006 @ 10:41 am

 


 

Root out corruption and operate transparently


26 August, 2006

CAN you take offence with rate-payers when they are critical of misuse of funds by local councils ("Hall of shame" — New Sunday Times, Aug 20)? The RM350,000 spent on a flagpole at the Ipoh Padang is shocking, to say the least. The money could have been put to better use, like resurfacing some of our roads.

A new system of monitoring the work of local councils is needed to root out corrupt or incompetent local council staff.

Corruption rots an organisation from the inside out. The longer it is left unchecked, the more damage it will do.

Each council should be required to introduce its own code of conduct and appoint independent people to investigate malpractices.

Local government is the tier of government with which ordinary people have the most contact.

For these reasons, it is vital that councils operate transparently.


© Copyright 2006 The New Straits Times Press (M) Berhad. All rights reserved.

Education > Another route to a degree
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Posted: Aug.26.2006 @ 10:30 am

 


 

Another route to a degree


26 August, 2006

WE would like to respond to comments by I.A.B. of Kajang suggesting that degree programmes at the Open University Malaysia are sold to Penilaian Menengah Rendah (PMR) holders for RM20,000. The writer also alleges that PMR candidates are required to sit for a "not difficult" test to gain admission.

This is a serious misconception.

Open University Malaysia (OUM) is one of the few selected higher education institutions in this country granted approval by the Higher Education Ministry to implement an open-entry system.

The open-entry system works on the basic principle that a candidate who possesses a relevant body of knowledge, gained through life experiences (usually called prior learning experience), can use this to apply for a Bachelor or Master’s degree in lieu of the conventional academic entry qualifications.

The challenge here is for the institutions to develop appropriate assessment methods to evaluate the prior learning experience of the candidate.

Applicants with minimal qualifications do not gain direct entry to the programme.

Neither do they pass an easy test to gain entry.

At OUM, the candidates are pre-assessed and channelled either to sit for a challenge test in the two first-year degree subjects, or they are required to submit a complete portfolio containing the relevant prior learning experiences to be evaluated by the university.

There is yet another option: They can register for and pass the qualifying course which runs for one to three semesters (one year).

Open entry has long been implemented, especially among the established open universities throughout the world.

It provides an alternative route for those with minimum academic qualifications but with a wealth of experience to continue learning at the tertiary level.

Very often we find that applicants who want to come in through the open-entry system are gainfully employed or are running their own businesses.

They have acquired skills and competence that are comparable to the learning outcomes in subjects that are taught at the university level.

Their prior learning experiences can be evaluated and recognised as a means to enter tertiary education as well as to acquire credits in the programme they apply to join.

This is usually termed as the Recognition of Prior Learning.

As with most higher education institutions in the country, the conventional academic entry qualifications such as SPM, STPM, diploma or other equivalent qualifications are still being recognised, including at OUM.

Applicants who meet the conventional academic entry requirements can gain admission directly into the degree programme of choice while those who apply through the open-entry system will be subjected to the assessment of their prior learning.

Therefore, the conventional academic entry requirements are still very relevant as they cater largely to fresh school- leavers without working experience who wish to further their studies at the tertiary level.

In conclusion, the open- entry system provides an alternative channel for those who wish to further their studies, using their life experiences, instead of the conventional academic entry qualifications.

In order for the country to move into a knowledge-based economy, entry requirements should no longer pose as a barrier restricting access to higher education.

This augurs well for the Government’s agenda for the democratisation of education in the country.

We would like to invite I.A.B. from Kajang to visit our main campus on Jalan Tun Ismail, Kuala Lumpur, for a better understanding of OUM’s delivery system and study modes, especially on open entry.


© Copyright 2006 The New Straits Times Press (M) Berhad. All rights reserved.

Education > Grows Through Education
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Posted: Aug.26.2006 @ 10:28 am

 

  ¡®Hallyu¡¯ Grows Through Education


By Kang Shin-who
Staff Reporter

 

 


Participants at Asia Youth Camp happily show off the ¡°kimchi¡± they made during a cooking class last week at Korea House in Chung-gu, Seoul. /Korea Times Photo by Shim Hyun-chul
The Korean cultural wave, or ¡°hallyu,¡± that has rolled over Asian countries for the past seven years is changing.

Now hallyu fans - exposed to Korean culture through movies, drama, songs and music - deepen their understanding of Korean fashion, food, sports, music and language.

They learn how to wear Hanbok, ¡°Korean traditional clothes,¡± that they saw on ¡°Taejanggum (jewel in the palace) ,¡± a famous Korean historical drama. They study Korean language so that they can understand the meaning of Korean music lyrics, instead of listening to only the melody. They also learn how to make Kimchi, Koreans' favorite food, which they tried only at Korean restaurants. These education programs are expected to drive the Korean wave to greater heights, spreading Korean culture around the world.

Due to concerns that hallyu could crash and disappear into foamy ripples, Korea is introducing practical and systematic educational programs to ensure the cultural boom will last.

Youth Camp for Learning About Korea

Under the name of ¡°Rediscovering and Loving Asia,¡± 300 youngsters gathered this month in Korea from 17 Asian countries including India, the Philippines, Malaysia, Mongol, Thailand and Uzbekistan. Varying from high school students to graduate students they participated in the program after applying to Korean embassies in their home countries.

The popularity of Korean pop culture motivated them to learn and study in Korea. The camp is a place to find out the best way to educate and inform fans.

¡°I am more than happy to join in this camp. I hope to learn about many cultures through the programs,¡± said Bujin Battur, a student of Ulaan Baatar University in Mongolia.

The camp runs from Aug. 7 to Aug. 27. It aims to encourage the Korean wave and strengthen ties among Asians.

The participants are experiencing and learning Korean cul ture through various programs as they travel to Seoul, Kyongju, and Pyongchang.

They learn basic conversation skills at Korean language class Some students speak Korean fluently enough to teach other students.

 

 


Foreigners learn how to play "changgu," a Korean traditional drum, during a Korea music class.
¡°I am very impressed by their Korean language skills, especially as they have only studied Korean for a few years,¡± said Min Soo-in, Korean participant from Korea University.

In the cooking class, students made kimchi, a traditional Korean food. Before they took the class, kimchi was just a food often seen on Korean movies or dramas.

Zin Mee Zin Win, a participant from Myanmar, learned why kimchi is good for health and can prevent bird flu.

In music class, they learned ¡°samulnori,¡± traditional Korean dance involving drums and ¡°loud music.¡± Many participants were enchanted by the dynamic and energetic power of Korean music.

¡°It is really exciting to learn ¡®samulnori.' I also learned that the dance was meant to bring a fruitful harvest and expel harmful insects,¡± said Zaafar Sanid from Malaysia.

Two-Way Communication

Through education, foreigners deepen their understanding of Korea.

Manish Kumar is majoring in Korean at Jawahas Lal Nehru University in India. He is passionate about Korean studies, especially Korean literature.

¡°I think literature is a mirror of society. It mirrors society. I want to learn all kinds of literature,¡± Manish said.

In some countries, learning Korean could be the gateway to a promising future.

¡°In Vietnam, many students study Korean to work for Korean companies. Therefore the demand for Korean teachers is growing, and I want to be a Korean teacher in the future,¡± said Tuong, who is majoring in Korean language at Danang University in Vietnam.

These trends brighten the future for Korean culture. However, experts point out that a oneway flow of education cannot last long.

Kim Ji-eun, who is studying at Sookmyung Women's University, is now helping foreign students to settle in Korea through a special program. ¡°I realized that foreign friends want to tell about their cultures as much as I want to teach about Korea,¡± she said.

Choi Sang-sik, dean of the graduate school of arts at Chung- Ang University, underlined the importance of having interest in other countries. ¡°We need to remember; if we want to open another's mind, we need to learn how to open our mind first. This is the way Asia flourishes and can coexist peacefully,¡± he said.


kswho@koreatimes.co.kr

08-23-2006 17:41

ASEAN > Singapore: Make love, not work
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Posted: Aug.26.2006 @ 10:23 am

 

http://www.atimes.com   
 
Singapore: Make love, not work
By Kalinga Seneviratne

SINGAPORE - Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong has warned Singaporeans that they will either have to produce more babies or welcome more migrants if the country is going to sustain economic growth and living standards.

Lee, during his recent National Day speech, estimated that at current birth rates Singapore will need an additional 14,000 babies
China Business Big Picture

each year to ensure that the population is large enough to sustain the economy.

A slew of policies introduced two years ago to boost birth rates, such as longer maternity leave and infant-care subsidies, have so far had no visible effects, with the affluent city-state's fertility rate last year recording an all-time low of 1.24 per female.

The alternative, according to Lee, is for Singapore to open its doors to permanent immigrants. Last year's General Household Survey shows that new permanent residents have risen by 8.7% to 30,000 per year between 2000 and 2005. During the same period, the number of citizen births rose by a mere 0.9%, or an average of 28,000 births per year.

"If we want our economy to grow, if we want to be strong internationally, then we need a growing population," argued Lee.

A growing number of Asian professionals, especially from mainland China, India, the Philippines, Malaysia and Hong Kong, have recently uprooted themselves from their home countries to take up employment in Singapore. Yet while many immigrants have taken up permanent-residency status, few go on to become Singaporean citizens.

Kwan Chee Wei, a regional human-resource consultant for a multinational company, argues that many professionals go to Singapore hoping to advance their careers or for the upscale lifestyle, but are not interested in changing their citizenship.

That said, an increasing number of Indian and Chinese nationals have recently taken up Singaporean citizenship, creating a measure of resentment among the local ethnic Chinese and Indian populations, who see the new immigrants as competition for jobs.

Lee has tried to defuse those tensions, contending that many Asian migrants have actually created jobs for other Singaporeans through their entrepreneurship. "If you get the right foreigner here, he creates thousands of jobs for Singaporeans," he said.

He also noted that developed countries, including the United States, Canada and Australia, frequently headhunt and hire Singaporean talent, often offering scholarships and high-paying jobs to lure them away from Singapore.

"Countries know, people know Singapore. They no longer think Singapore is somewhere in China. But they don't know Singapore is out there looking for talent," said Lee. "We have to promote our immigration program overseas."

Since Lee's speech, letters to the editorial pages of newspapers in Singapore have been flooded with comments - or more precisely xenophobic complaints - about the apparent new policy toward immigrants. One letter writer, Lim Boon Hee, said, "Be open to foreign talent, but do not forsake our own. One more clever foreign talent means one place less for our local-born sons in institutions of higher learning."

Another writer, Jimmy Ho Kwok, suspects that employers will welcome foreign degree-holders from such countries as India and China so they can pay them less than the threshold salaries offered to local graduates and diploma-holders.

Unionist G Muthukumar points to information-technology professionals from India and sales assistants from the Philippines and Myanmar as examples of employers paying foreigners less than they would pay local hires. On the other hand, Manpower Minister Ng Eng Hen referred to how foreign technicians helped to set up Singapore's aircraft maintenance, repair and overhaul industry quickly - while it took Singapore six years just to set up the training courses to develop local technicians for the industry.

The debate has since turned focus to the politically volatile issue of the rising cost of living and its impact on raising a family. "Welcoming migrants to our shores is not the solution to our declining birth rates," argued Zeena Amir, a single sales executive in her late 20s. "What would be more beneficial to Singaporeans and also make more sense in the long term is to work on controlling the increasing cost of living."

Singapore has arguably become a victim of its own success. Over the past two decades, the island nation has produced a large number of highly educated young women, many of whom now have high-powered jobs and find child-rearing not only an economic burden but a liability to their career development.

"Children are no longer an asset but a liability," argued young lawyer Shirley Tan. "Child care and education are so expensive, and I can't afford to stay at home to look after them."

As this ambitious nation of 4 million people tries to build further on its economic successes, the debate on whether Singaporeans should have more babies or more migrants seems set to intensify.
"Some view foreigners as competition to their livelihoods," noted ruling-party parliamentarian Alvin Chan. "We will have to explain to them that this is not really the case."

(Inter Press Service)

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